Why Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live longer than men in the present and صبغ الشعر بالاسود how is this difference growing in the past? We only have partial evidence and the evidence is not strong enough to make an informed conclusion. Although we know that there are behavioral, biological and environmental variables that all play a role in the longevity of women over males, we aren't sure how much each one contributes.

In spite of the precise weight, we know that at least a portion of the reason women live longer than men do today however not as in the past, is to have to do with the fact that several fundamental non-biological factors have changed. The factors changing are numerous. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. There are other issues that are more intricate. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, صبغ الشعر بالاسود especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As we can see, all countries are above the diagonal parity line - it means that in all nations a newborn girl can expect to live longer than a newborn boy.1

The chart above shows that, while the advantage for women exists in all countries, difference between countries is huge. In Russia women live 10 years more than men. In Bhutan there is a difference of just half a year.

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In countries with high incomes, the advantage of women in longevity was previously smaller.
We will now examine how the gender advantage in longevity has changed over time. The chart below shows gender-based and female-specific life expectancy when they were born in the US from 1790 until 2014. Two things stand out.

First, there is an upward trend. Both men as well as women in the US are living much, much longer than they did a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, the gap is getting wider: Although the advantage of women in life expectancy was once very small however, it has grown significantly with time.

When you click on the option "Change country' on the chart, you can verify that these two points also apply to the other countries having available data: Sweden, France and the UK.