What are the key technologies?

Answer

A variety of technologies are expected from both supply and demand of energy, below is a list of demand side technologies listed by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)

• Heating for domestic and industry
  • Fossil fuels/renewables
    • Electric heating, High-efficiency furnances and boilers, Micro-cogeneration systems CHP, Condensing boilers for space heating and domestic hot water, Combined heat and power,
  • Renewable technology
    • Solar thermal flat plate, Energy Storage technologies, Heat Pump, Biomass heating, Green gas from biomass
  • Energy saving
    • Ventilation, Insulation, HighEfficiency heating, Building orientation, Energy storage technologies, Air-sealing
• Cooling-clmate control
  • Renewable technology
    • Solar thermal, Heat Pump
  • Energy saving
    • Air-sealing, Facade technology, Insulation, Ventilation, High Efficiency heating, High Efficiency window, Cogeneration
• Hot water in buildings
  • Fossil fuels/renewables
    • High-efficiency furnaces and boilers, Condensing boilers for space heating
  • Renewable technology
    • Solar thermal, Heat pump
• Lighting
  • Energy Saving
    • Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs and LEDs, Solar lanterns, Light tubes, Smart controls, Day lighting and building design
• Demand-side management for Electricity
  • Energy saving
    • "Smart" Appliances and Home Automation, Electronic power supplies, Compact fluorescent lighting, Solar lanterns, Building Automation, system optimization, High Efficiency Refrigeration, High efficiency PC monitors, High efficiency televisions
• Cooking
  • Energy saving
    • Improved cook stoves
  • Renewable technology
    • Cook stoves on ethanol/methanol, Biomass gasification stoves, Biogasfrom waste for coking, Efficient Charcoal production for coking, Solar cokers
• Industrial efficienc
  • Energy saving
    • Energy saving in cement, agri-food, chemical, iron and steel industry
• Transport
  • Energy saving/fuel switch
    • Hybrid technology
  • Energy saving
    • Vehicle add-on technologies, Black carbon control technologies, Vehicle technology mprovements, Freight logistics improement, Truck stop electrification, Driver information technologies, Efficient diesel engines, Management technologies
  • Fuel switch
    • Electric plug-in technology, LNG technology
  • Fuel switch/ renewable technology
    • Low carbon alternative fuels, Hydrogen
  • Fuel cells
    • Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells, PEM Fuel Cells, Direct Mehanol Fuel Cells, Alkaline Fuel Cells, Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells, Slid Oxide Fuel Cells
• CO2 Capture and Storage
  • CO2 Captrure
    • Chemical absorption wit monoethanolamine, Oxygen-firing, Integrated coal gasification combined cycle, Biochar
• Agriculture
  • Renewable
    • Improving Energy Capture from Corn and Biomass Heat,Bagasse CHP
  • Energy saving
    • Irban Agriculture, Community Gardens
  • Energy Efficiency
    • Improvements to Increase Water Conservation, Nutrient Management
  • Carbon sequestration
    • Soil Carbon Management
• Forestry
  • Carbon sequestration/ renewables
    • Improved Mill Waste Recovery
  • Renewables
    • Improved Logging Residue Recovery
  • Forest conservation
    • Silviculture Improvements
• Waste management
  • Renewable technology
    • Landfill methane recovery and use, Municipal Solid Waste combustion, Municipal Solid Waste gasification, Recycled Bio-Oils
  • Energy efficiency
    • Advanced Municipal Solid Waste Management Practice, Source reduction strategies, Resource Management Contracting, Enhanced Management of Organic Waste, Improved Commercialization of Biomass Conversion Technologies, Wastewater Treatment Pland Biosolids for Energy Production
  • Water efficiency
    • Waste water management/metering, Grey water use, Lower consumption and waste production

Reference

UNFCC, Handbook on conducting technology needs assessment for cliamte change http://unfccc.int/ttclear/jsp/index.jsp