Difference between revisions of "Artificial Neural Networks"

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Back? [[Extensions to our physical path... but what about mental power?]]
[[China becoming the largest economy]]


==Description:==
==Description:==


[[Image:NEURON.jpg|thumb|Picture of a neuron]]
Over the next 50 years, Brazil, Russia, India and China—the BRICs economies—could become a much
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are information processing models that are inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The models are composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurones) working together to solve specific problems. ANNs, like people, learn by example. Contrary to conventional computers -that can only solve problems if the set of instructions or algorithms are known- ANNs are very flexible, powerfull and trainable. Conventional computers and neural networks are complementary: a large number of tasks require the combination of a learning approach and a set of instructions. Mostly, the conventional computer is used to supervise the neural network.
larger force in the world economy. Goldman Sachs has predicted that China will become the largest economy in 2041, closely followed by the US and India
 
For more information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network 
 
   
   


==Enablers:==
==Enablers:==


1. Research & Development: Mathematicians, Psychologists, Neurosurgeons,...
1. Stable Macro Environment


2. Applications using artificial neural networks (e.g. sales forecasting, data validation, etc from NeuroDimension) [http://www.nd.com].
2. Strong and Stable political institutions


3. Funding from international institutes ( e.g. IST).
3. Openess to trade and foreign direct investments


4. New technologies that enable profound research of the human brain activity.
4. High levels of education


==Inhibitors:==
==Inhibitors:==


1. Outcome ethical issues: Is there a danger developing technologies that might perform similar (thinking) functions as the human brain?
1. Unstable political environment, minority issues  


2. Research ethical issues: Is it ethical to perform research and do experiments on the human brain and its functions?
2. Unhealthy financial institutions (Not commercial driven)


3. Lack of scope and focus: this new technology might create the next information society revolution, thus interest is high and widely spread over several industries.    
3. Working population decreasing (one child policy)    


==Paradigms:==
==Paradigms:==


1. Simple tasks can already be learned today by artificial neural networks. Further investigation, in the power of those systems as well as in the power of the combination with conventional computer systems, will increase the power of a connected world or the internet.
1. Change of world power when China becomes the biggest economy
 
2. ANNs will disappear as black boxes into our daily lives, supporting us with simple decision making where making a mistake is allowed (children's level). To increase the learning effect and for control purposes, these boxes will be interconnected via the internet.
 
 
==Experts:==
 
Prof. Dr. Hugo de GARIS,
 
Associate Professor,
 
Head, Brain Builder Group,
 
Computer Science Dept.,
 
Utah State University, USU,
 
Old Main 423, Logan,
 
Utah, UT 84322-4205, USA.
 
tel: + 1 435 797 0959
 
fax: + 1 435 797 3265
 
cell: +1 435 512 1826
 
degaris@cs.usu.edu
 
http://www.cs.usu.edu/~degaris
 




==Timing:==
==Timing:==


1933: psychologist Edward Thorndike suggests that human learning consists in the strengthening of some (then unknown) property of neurons.
2015: China's economy will be bigger than Japan
 
1943: first artificial neuron is produced (neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch & logician Walter Pits).


2041: China's economy will be bigger than US
1949: psychologist Donald Hebb suggests that a strengthening of the connections between neurons in the brain accounts for learning.
1949: psychologist Donald Hebb suggests that a strengthening of the connections between neurons in the brain accounts for learning.
1954: first computer simulations of small neural networks at MIT (Belmont Farley and Wesley Clark).
1958: Rosenblatt designs and develops the Perceptron, the first neuron with three layers.
1969: Minsky and Papert generalises the limitations of single layer Perceptrons to multilayered systems (e.g. the XOR function is not possible with a 2-layer Perceptron)
1972: A. Henry Klopf develops a basis for learning in artificial neurons based on a biological principle for neuronal learning called heterostasis.
1974: Paul Werbos develops the back-propagation learning method, the most well known and widely applied of the neural networks today.
1975: Fukushima (F. Kunihiko) develops a step wise trained multilayered neural network for interpretation of handwritten characters (Cognitron).
1986: David Rumelhart & James McClelland train a network of 920 artificial neurons to form the past tenses of English verbs (University of California at San Diego).


==Web Resources:==
==Web Resources:==


1. http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol4/cs11/report.html
1. http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/brics/book/99-dreaming.pdf
 
2. http://www.inns.org/
 
3. http://www.nd.com/
 
4. http://www.dacs.dtic.mil/techs/neural/neural_ToC.html
 
5. http://www.ieee-nns.org/
 
6. http://www.economist.com/opinion/PrinterFriendly.cfm?Story_ID=1143317: The mind's eye
 
7. http://www.hirnforschung.net/cneuro/

Revision as of 20:26, 11 September 2009

China becoming the largest economy

Description:

Over the next 50 years, Brazil, Russia, India and China—the BRICs economies—could become a much larger force in the world economy. Goldman Sachs has predicted that China will become the largest economy in 2041, closely followed by the US and India


Enablers:

1. Stable Macro Environment

2. Strong and Stable political institutions

3. Openess to trade and foreign direct investments

4. High levels of education

Inhibitors:

1. Unstable political environment, minority issues

2. Unhealthy financial institutions (Not commercial driven)

3. Working population decreasing (one child policy)

Paradigms:

1. Change of world power when China becomes the biggest economy


Timing:

2015: China's economy will be bigger than Japan

2041: China's economy will be bigger than US 1949: psychologist Donald Hebb suggests that a strengthening of the connections between neurons in the brain accounts for learning.

Web Resources:

1. http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/brics/book/99-dreaming.pdf

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