Architecture Development

Description

Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures. A wider definition often includes the design of the total built environment, from the macro level of how a building integrates with its surrounding manmade landscape to the micro level of architectural or construction details and, sometimes, furniture. The term "Architecture" is also used for the profession of providing architectural services.

The stage features of constructing develop from original stage，artistic stage，functional stage，spacial stage，environmental stage to ecological stage. The future development trend is human-basing and intellectualization of constructing design．

As a great practice of the “sustainable principle”，green architecture has become a worldwide movement，almost affecting all types of building. Six fundamentals in planning a green building are sitting，designing，material choosing, constructing，building system and daily management．The green principle has also been implemented in large-scale development，such as new town planning and design．The intellectualized management which involves personal safety, security, energy conservation, communication, building maintenance and current management these aspects, is one modern comprehensive technical management system which used in the green architecture buildings. Spacial concern and corporate image setting is taking into account for architecture design and construction.

Enablers

• Net usable area
• Energy consumption
• Auxiliary establishment requirement
• Office environment
• Security system requirement (monitoring cams, smoke sensors, fire extinguishers)

Inhibitors

• Cost related issues
• Availability of building materials
• Availability of design tools
• Physical constraints (area, height, depth, etc)

Paradigms

The earliest written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century CE. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitatis utilitatis venustatis which translates roughly as:

	Durability - it should stand up robustly and remain in good condition. 
	Utility - it should be useful and function well for the people using it. 
	Beauty - it should delight people and raise their spirits. 

The green construction's design and the construction technology are not complex, the related knowledge, the technology and the building material are already exist. There are successful applications in Europe, the US and so on. For instance, the New York Audubon House, the capital Washington's national public broadcast (National Public Radio) building and so on. The American developer is planning and constructing green constructions, there are central area high-rise construction and also Suburb Park. The construction function type includes work, research and development, sports athletic field. The General Motor’s global headquarters building (Renaissance Center) which locates at the central of Detroit, will be the biggest, the most complete functional green construction in the whole world. The floor space amounts to 5,500,000 square feet (approximately 510,000 square meters).

Unilever Best Foods office building-The Bridge (2005): Span 130 meters, hanging 26 meter high, constructs in advance at the worksite beside then spent entire 3 days cross above the extant cream factory to establish in today's position. This is an example of new spacial concept of architecture development.

Experts

• Management leader
• The Architect

Timing

• Architecture first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, architecture became a craft.
• Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, developing from the architectural forms of the ancient Middle East but developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa and Spain, and were to become a significant stylistic influence on European architecture during the Medieval period.
• With the Renaissance and its emphasis on the individual and humanity rather than religion, and with all its attendant progress and achievements, a new chapter began.
• The dissatisfaction with such a general situation at the turn of the twentieth century gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture.
• During the last two decades of the twentieth century and into the new millennium, the field of architecture saw the rise of specializations within the profession itself by project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [a] from the 'project' architect [b] within some architectural office collaborations.
• It is now widely expected that tomorrow’s architects will integrate sustainable principles into their projects.

Web Resources

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture
http://www.architecture.com
http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1718