Difference between revisions of "Increasing use of computer-mediated communication"

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'''Breadcrumbs:''' ''[[The Future of Ubiquitous computing in 2025]] -->  Social: Increased use of computer-mediated communication''


==Description:==
==Description:==


[[Image:NEURON.jpg|thumb|Picture of a neuron]]
Computer-mediated communication refers to interactions that occur via computer-mediated formats (i.e., instant messages, e-mails, chat rooms, online games) between two or more individuals. This kind of communication is becoming ubiquitous due to the generalised use of internet and multimedia-enabled personal computers.  
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are information processing models that are inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The models are composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurones) working together to solve specific problems. ANNs, like people, learn by example. Contrary to conventional computers -that can only solve problems if the set of instructions or algorithms are known- ANNs are very flexible, powerfull and trainable. Conventional computers and neural networks are complementary: a large number of tasks require the combination of a learning approach and a set of instructions. Mostly, the conventional computer is used to supervise the neural network.


For more information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network 
This kind of communication has had a broad impact in the way people form and maintain social relationships by providing new possibilities to maintain communication with people in distant places. This kind of communication has also impacted deeply the way people interact in working and educational environments by enabling new ways of collaborative work and data exchange. It also has influenced the way people make decisions by enabling remote meetings and data exchange.


More information at wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication]
 
With the emergence of ubiquitous computing computer-mediated communication will not only provide means for people to communicate with each other and the environment, but also enable interlinked communication inside the environment between enabled devices.


==Enablers:==
==Enablers:==


1. Research & Development: Mathimaticians, Psychologists, Neurosurgeons,...
1. Increasing use of internet [http://scenariothinking.org/wiki/index.php/The_Increasing_Use_of_Internet]


2. Applications using artificial neural networks (e.g. sales forecasting, data validation, etc from NeuroDimension) [http://www.nd.com].
2. Increasing use of digital media


3. Funding from international institutes ( e.g. IST).
3. Increasing network bandwidth [http://scenariothinking.org/wiki/index.php/Network_Bandwidth]


4. New technologies that enable profound research of the human brain activity.
4. Increasing use of voice over IP (and specifically the introduction of Skype) [http://scenariothinking.org/wiki/index.php/Widespread_use_of_voice_over_IP_%28and_specifically_the_introduction_of_Skype%29]


==Inhibitors:==
==Inhibitors:==


1. Outcome ethical issues: Is there a danger developing technologies that might perform similar (thinking) functions as the human brain?
1. Increasing online security threats


2. Research ethical issues: Is it ethical to perform research and do experiments on the human brain and its functions?
2. Computer illiterate and technophobic people


3. Lack of scope and focus: this new technology might create the next information society revolution, thus interest is high and widely spread over several industries. 
3. Loss of privacy


==Paradigms:==
==Paradigms:==


1. Simple tasks can already be learned today by artificial neural networks. Further investigation, in the power of those systems as well as in the power of the combination with conventional computer systems, will increase the power of a connected world or the internet.
1. The use computer-mediated communication makes easier and enriches communication with people who are located at remote distances


2. ANNs will disappear as black boxes into our daily lives, supporting us with simple decision making where making a mistake is allowed (children's level). To increase the learning effect and for control purposes, these boxes will be interconnected via the internet.
2. The physsical presence is not any longer a requirement for holding a working meeting.


    
    
==Experts:==
==Experts:==
Prof. Dr. Hugo de GARIS,
Associate Professor,
Head, Brain Builder Group,
Computer Science Dept.,
Utah State University, USU,
Old Main 423, Logan,
Utah, UT 84322-4205, USA.
tel: + 1 435 797 0959
fax: + 1 435 797 3265
cell: +1 435 512 1826
degaris@cs.usu.edu
http://www.cs.usu.edu/~degaris




==Timing:==
==Timing:==
1965: First use of e-mail


1933: psychologist Edward Thorndike suggests that human learning consists in the strengthening of some (then unknown) property of neurons.
1970: UNIX offers instant messaging


1943: first artificial neuron is produced (neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch & logician Walter Pits).
1972: Development of ARPANET, predecessor of nowadays internet


1949: psychologist Donald Hebb suggests that a strengthening of the connections between neurons in the brain accounts for learning.
1989: The Internet is opened to commercial use


1954: first computer simulations of small neural networks at MIT (Belmont Farley and Wesley Clark).
1990: The world Wide Web (WWW) is created


1958: Rosenblatt designs and develops the Perceptron, the first neuron with three layers.
1996: First graphical interface messaging client(ICQ)


1969: Minsky and Papert generalises the limitations of single layer Perceptrons to multilayered systems (e.g. the XOR function is not possible with a 2-layer Perceptron)
1999: frist verison of MSN Messenger


1972: A. Henry Klopf develops a basis for learning in artificial neurons based on a biological principle for neuronal learning called heterostasis.
2003: First version of Skpe is released
 
1974: Paul Werbos develops the back-propagation learning method, the most well known and widely applied of the neural networks today.
 
1975: Fukushima (F. Kunihiko) develops a step wise trained multilayered neural network for interpretation of handwritten characters (Cognitron).
 
1986: David Rumelhart & James McClelland train a network of 920 artificial neurons to form the past tenses of English verbs (University of California at San Diego).


==Web Resources:==
==Web Resources:==


1. http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol4/cs11/report.html
1. Association of Internet Researchers [http://www.aoir.org/]
 
2. http://www.inns.org/


3. http://www.nd.com/
2. Cornell University CMC [http://cucmc.comm.cornell.edu/]


4. http://www.dacs.dtic.mil/techs/neural/neural_ToC.html
3. Skype website [http://www.skype.com/intl/nl/]


5. http://www.ieee-nns.org/
4. ICQ website [http://www.icq.com/]


6. http://www.economist.com/opinion/PrinterFriendly.cfm?Story_ID=1143317: The mind's eye
5. MSN Messenger website [http://get.live.com/messenger/overview]


7. http://www.hirnforschung.net/cneuro/
6. Sociolinguistics and CMC - online research group and community blog site [http://sociocmc.blogspot.com/]

Latest revision as of 12:43, 6 March 2007

Breadcrumbs: The Future of Ubiquitous computing in 2025 --> Social: Increased use of computer-mediated communication

Description:

Computer-mediated communication refers to interactions that occur via computer-mediated formats (i.e., instant messages, e-mails, chat rooms, online games) between two or more individuals. This kind of communication is becoming ubiquitous due to the generalised use of internet and multimedia-enabled personal computers.

This kind of communication has had a broad impact in the way people form and maintain social relationships by providing new possibilities to maintain communication with people in distant places. This kind of communication has also impacted deeply the way people interact in working and educational environments by enabling new ways of collaborative work and data exchange. It also has influenced the way people make decisions by enabling remote meetings and data exchange.

More information at wikipedia [1]

With the emergence of ubiquitous computing computer-mediated communication will not only provide means for people to communicate with each other and the environment, but also enable interlinked communication inside the environment between enabled devices.

Enablers:

1. Increasing use of internet [2]

2. Increasing use of digital media

3. Increasing network bandwidth [3]

4. Increasing use of voice over IP (and specifically the introduction of Skype) [4]

Inhibitors:

1. Increasing online security threats

2. Computer illiterate and technophobic people

3. Loss of privacy

Paradigms:

1. The use computer-mediated communication makes easier and enriches communication with people who are located at remote distances

2. The physsical presence is not any longer a requirement for holding a working meeting.


Experts:

Timing:

1965: First use of e-mail

1970: UNIX offers instant messaging

1972: Development of ARPANET, predecessor of nowadays internet

1989: The Internet is opened to commercial use

1990: The world Wide Web (WWW) is created

1996: First graphical interface messaging client(ICQ)

1999: frist verison of MSN Messenger

2003: First version of Skpe is released

Web Resources:

1. Association of Internet Researchers [5]

2. Cornell University CMC [6]

3. Skype website [7]

4. ICQ website [8]

5. MSN Messenger website [9]

6. Sociolinguistics and CMC - online research group and community blog site [10]

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