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-'''Industrial System Questions Round 1'''
+==[[Initial questions - Industrial System]]==
+==[[System - Industrial System]]==
-. What does production mean?
+==[[Driving forces - Industrial System]]==
-Production is the process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (output). It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals.
+==[[Scenarios - Industrial System]]==
-. What is the difference between production & manufacturing?
-Manufacturing is the process where machines produce goods from raw materials. Production is the process of converting resources into finished products. Manufacturing includes the production of goods which can be immediately sold off and are suitable for use.
-. What is the size of the global industrial system?
-The global market for General Manufacturing is estimated to be US$649.8 Billion in the year 2020, and is projected to reach a revised size of US$732.2 Billion by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 1.7% over the period 2020-2027.
-. What types of waste are produced by the global industrial systems?
-Chemical waste, solid waste, liquid waste, toxic/hazardous waste
-. Which industries cause the biggest CO2 emissions?
-Electricity and Heat (between 11 Million and 14.5+ Million within 2001-2016)
-. How many physical products are manufactured per year?
-Inconclusive
-. Which raw materials are used most?
-Sand: Every year around 40-50 billion tonnes of sand and gravel is extracted, which is roughly half of the total weight of all materials extracted totally. In comparison, around 4 billion tonnes of oil and 2 billion tonnes of wood are being extracted yearly.
-. How much energy is used globally?
-World primary energy consumption fell to 556.63 exajoules in 2020. The coronavirus pandemic and its impact on transportation fuel demand and overall economic performance resulted in primary energy consumption declining to 2016 levels.
-. How much capital is used for manufacturing?
-Capital investments in manufacturing activities worldwide, 2016-2018. An analysis by Trendeo.
-Only data from 2016 – 2018 but might be a good indicator. The data in here is quite interesting – related to investment projects, foreign direct investment etc.
-. How many Co2 emissions are used globally?
-34.81 billion metric tons
-Co2 emission to produce
-TV 638 kg/unit
-Sofa 378 kg/unit
-Bicycle 109 kg/unit
-Mobile 50 kg/unit
-Beef fillet 50 kg/unit
-. Which countries produce most physical products?
-China – 28.7% Global Manufacturing Output
-United States – 16.8% Global Manufacturing Output
-Japan – 7.5% Global Manufacturing Output
-Germany – 5.3% Global Manufacturing Output
-India – 3.1% Global Manufacturing Output
-South Korea – 3% Global Manufacturing Output
-Italy – 2.1% Global Manufacturing Output
-France – 1.9% Global Manufacturing Output
-United Kingdom – 1.8% Global Manufacturing Output
-Indonesia – 1.6% Global Manufacturing Output
-https://globalupside.com/top-10-manufacturing-countries-in-the-world/
-. Which 3 companies produce most physical products?
-Consumer goods: Nestle (92billion), PepsiCo, Protect & Gamble
-https://consumergoods.com/top-100-consumer-goods-companies-2021?utm_source=2019list&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=Top+100+2021
-Building materials: Saint Gobain (50billion), LafargeHolcim, CEMEX
-https://blog.bizvibe.com/blog/top-10-largest-building-materials-companies
-Cars (Toyota 275milion), trains (CRRC Corporation 32billion), ships (China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation 42billion)
-Electronics: Apple (365billion)
-Based on annual revenue
-Biggest Companies based on market capitalization (billion dollars)?
-Inserting image...
-. How much is exported/ imported in physical products?
-https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditctab2020d4_en.pdf
-. What is the most produced/ manufactured product in the world?
-Industries with the biggest market share all over the world:
-Global Fastest Growing Industries by Revenue Growth (%) in 2021
-Global Iron Ore Mining. 43.3%
-Global Airport Operation. 40.1%
-Global Travel Agency Services. 37.4%
-Global Airlines. 33.6%
-Global Heavy-Duty Truck Manufacturing. 29.0%
-Global Deep-Sea, Coastal & Inland Water Transportation. 23.6%
-Global Tourism. .21.9%
-Global Coal Mining. 21.6%
-Global Plastic Product & Packaging Manufacturing 17.4%
-Global Commercial Aircraft Manufacturing 17%
-. What are different types of production?
-Job production, where items are made individually and each item is finished before the next one is started. Designer dresses are made using the job production method.
-Batch production, where groups of items are made together. Each batch is finished before starting the next block of goods. For example, a baker first produces a batch of 50 white loaves. Only after they are completed will they start baking 50 loaves of brown bread.
-Flow production, where identical, standardised items are produced on an assembly line. Most cars are mass-produced in large factories using conveyor belts and expensive machinery such as robot arms. Workers have specialised jobs, for instance, fitting wheels.
-Mass production
-Continuous production
-https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z3fvcdm/revision/1
-'''Industrial System Questions Round 2'''
-. What industries consume the most energy globally?
-Chemical
-Metal
-Cement
-Paper & Pulp
-https://goenergylink.com/blog/top-industries-that-consume-the-most-energy/
-. What are the largest landfills in the world today, and where are they?
-In acres:
-Las Vegas, US			2200
-Mexico City, Mexico		927
-Shanghai, China			830
-Los Angeles, US			680
-Rome, Italy			630
-Incheon, South Korea		570
-New Delhi, India		500
-Mumbai, India			326
-Hong Kong			272
-Guangzhou, China		227
-https://www.statista.com/statistics/530481/largest-dump-sites-worldwide/
-. What harm do landfills cause to the environment/ neighboring natural resources?
-The migration of gas and leachate from the landfill body into the surrounding environment present a serious environmental concern, which include groundwater pollution, air pollution with impact on climate through, methane emissions and potential health hazards.
-Landfill present long-term threats to ground water and surface water that are hydrologically connected by creating a toxic soup of industrial and home cleaning chemicals.
-Almost two third of landfill waste is biodegradable this waste rots and decomposes and produces harmful gases (co2 and methane) which are both green house gases and contribute to global warming. Landfill also pollute the local environment including the water and the soil.
-Landfills are some way that humans modify how soil form, by changing the soil forming factors of the climate, exposure and the soil organisms,
-Landfill can produce objectionable odours and landfill gas can move through soil and collect in nearby buildings. The gases produced in landfill is ammonia, sulphide, methane and carbon dioxide are of most concern.
-Ammonia and hydrogen sulphide are responsible for most of the orders at landfill.
-Unhealthy and illegal whats so bad about burning garbage, because smoke and ash pollute the air, water and food supply.
-Health is at risk for those who live within five kilometre (5km) of landfill site. Hydrogen sulphide (used as surrogate for all pollutants co-emitted from the landfills) and death caused by lung cancer, as well as death and hospitalisation for
-respiratory disease. When the landfill has reached its capacity, the waste is covered with clay and another plastic shield. Above that, several feet of dirt fill is topped with soil and plant
-https://www.ijert.org/landfill-emissions-and-their-impact-on-the-environment
-. When were landfills first put into use, and what methods of industrial waste removal were utilized prior?
-Landfills were first introduced early in the 20th century, but gained wide use in the 1960s and 1970s, to eliminate open dumps and other "unsanitary" waste disposal practices.
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill
-The first known wastewater management system is located in present day Syria (El Kowm). Located in the Fertile Crescent, the Mesopotamian "oasis" shows evidence of wastewater management beginning around 6500 BCE.
-The first occurrence of organized solid waste management system appeared in London in the late 18th century.[13] A waste collection and resource recovery system were established around the 'dust-yards'.
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_waste_management
-. What is the manufacturing Industry growth rate (how much bigger does the manufacturing industry grow annually)?
-By the second quarter of 2021, global manufacturing production registered an annual output growth of 18.2 per cent. Furthermore, nearly all economies with available information have achieved two-digit annual growth rates owing to the low base of comparison a year ago as well as the gradual economic re-opening.
-https://stat.unido.org/content/publications/world-manufacturing-production
-. Examples of non-biodegradable materials?
-Glass
-Plastic
-Metals
-Hazardous substances
-Pesticides
-Fibers
-Glass
-E-waste
-Artificial rubber
-Artificial polymers
-. Which fabrics are the least bio-degradable?
-Polyester
-Acrylic
-Cotton
-Rayon
-Nylon
-https://www.eco-stylist.com/a-guide-to-the-most-and-least-sustainable-fabrics/
-. What fabrics are most biodegradable?
-Organic or Recycled Cotton
-Organic Hemp
-Organic Linen
-Tencel
-Recycled Polyester
-Econyl
-https://www.eco-stylist.com/a-guide-to-the-most-and-least-sustainable-fabrics/
-. What materials are biodegradable?
-Paper
-Human waste.
-Manure.
-Sewage sludge.
-Hospital waste.
-Slaughterhouse waste
-Dead animals and plants.
-Food waste
-https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/biodegradable-and-non-biodegradable-materials/
-. What are the main resources utilized in all manufacturing industries?
-There are four categories of resources, or factors of production:
-Natural resources (land)
-Labor  (human capital)
-Capital (machinery, factories, equipment)
-Entrepreneurship
-https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-introbusiness/chapter/factors-of-production-2/
-. Which industries employ the most people?
-Global Consumer Electronics Manufacturing	17,430,942
-Global Commercial Real Estate			17,164,710
-Global Fast-Food Restaurants			13,458,146
-Global HR & Recruitment Services                            11,988,376
-Global Hotels & Resorts				9,690,013
-Global Apparel Manufacturing			9,675,672
-Global Coal Mining				8,918,489
-Global Tourism					8,684,644
-Global Commercial Banks			8,076,796
-Global Auto Parts & Accessories Manufacturing 8,060,047
-https://www.ibisworld.com/global/industry-trends/biggest-industries-by-employment/
-'''Industrial System Questions Round 3'''
-. Top consumption societies?
-In millions of US dollars, Household Final Consumption Expenditure, and year measured:
-US			16,902,980	2018
-European Union	8,300,055	2019
-China			5,352,545	2018
-Japan			2,756,919	2018
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_consumer_markets
-. Predictions for consumption trends in 2030?
-Under current projections, Asia will represent half of the world’s consumer spending by 2032.
-https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2021/08/31/which-will-be-the-top-30-consumer-markets-of-this-decade-5-asian-markets-below-the-radar/
-. Countries with the highest manufacturing output?
-By share of global manufacturing:
-China	28.7%
-US	16.8%
-Japan	7.5%
-https://globalupside.com/top-10-manufacturing-countries-in-the-world/
-Country
-Manufacturing Output (USD in billions)
-Percent of National Output
-Percent of Global Manufacturing
-China
-$2,010
-%
-%
-United States
-,867
-Japan
-,063
-https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-manufacturing-scorecard-how-the-us-compares-to-18-other-nations/#:~:text=China%20leads%20the%20world%20in,South%20Korea%20(%24372%20billion).
-. Highest manufacturing output industries globally?
-In terms of revenue, the biggest manufacturing companies are Apple, Toyota and Volkswagen.
-In terms of countries:
-https://blog.bizvibe.com/blog/largest-manufacturing-companies
-. What is manufactured in US, China, and Japan?
-US
-Circ 2017:
-Food, beverage and feed: $133 billion.
-Soybeans were the number one product in this category, with sales of $22 billion, followed by meat and poultry at $18 billion.
-Crude oil, fuel and other petroleum products: $109 billion.
-This is one of the fastest growing areas of US exports, up 37% in just the last year.
-Civilian aircraft and aircraft engines: $99 billion.
-This is what makes Boeing (BA) the nation's largest single exporter.
-Auto parts, engines and car tires: $86 billion.
-Many of these are shipped to assembly plants owned by both US and foreign automakers in Mexico and Canada. It's one of the reasons losing NAFTA would be so hard for the auto industry.
-Industrial machines: $57 billion.
-Passenger cars: $53 billion.
-American auto plants supply much of North and South America with cars, and also ship to other markets as well. BMW's largest plant is in South Carolina, where it builds all of its X series SUVs. Last year it exported nearly three-quarters of the 371,000 cars it built there, making it the biggest car exporter in the United States.
-Pharmaceuticals: $51 billion.
-https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/07/news/economy/top-us-exports/index.html
-China
-Mobile Phone Manufacturing in China 		$134.2B
-Integrated Circuit Manufacturing in China	$123.3B
-Smart Phone Manufacturing in China		$118.7B
-Computer Manufacturing in China		$107.5B
-Computer Peripheral Manufacturing in China	$78.3B
-Building Construction in China			$54.2B
-Software Development in China			$51.3B
-Apparel Manufacturing in China			$50.9B
-Steel Rolling in China				$50.2B
-Computer Tablet Manufacturing in China	$42.6B
-https://www.ibisworld.com/china/industry-trends/biggest-exporting-industries/
-Japan
-Vehicles: US$122.6 billion (19.1% of total exports)
-Machinery including computers: $121.8 billion (19%)
-Electrical machinery, equipment: $102.6 billion (16%)
-Optical, technical, medical apparatus: $37.5 billion (5.8%)
-Plastics, plastic articles: $25.6 billion (4%)
-Iron, steel: $22.8 billion (3.6%)
-Organic chemicals: $14.9 billion (2.3%)
-Gems, precious metals: $13.3 billion (2.1%)
-Other chemical goods: $12.2 billion (1.9%)
-Ships, boats: $10.8 billion (1.7%)
-. Average wage paid to labor per industry?
-I think we would need wages for US, China and Japan
-. What resources/materials do they need?
-. Where do they source their material/resources?
-US:
-China:
-Japan:
-. Trade restrictions worldwide;
-Source: https://www.oecd.org/trade/topics/trade-in-raw-materials/
-. How does each of these industries produce their end products?
-. How many CO2 emissions are produced by each industry?
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions
-. Where do the top manufactured products go at the end of life cycle?
-. What is each industry's main product's life cycle?
-'''Driving Forces'''
-. Availability of more eco-friendly materials  Shubashree
-. Increase of consumer awareness on environmental issues Antje
-Description
-An increasing part of the population is considering more sustainable behaviours and is mindful on their impact on the environment. This is not only theoretical awareness, but also more and more people are willing to take personal action to combat environmental and sustainability issues and take according decisions.
-Enablers
-Social media
-Easy access to information (internet)
-Measurability of environmental change
-Green governments
-The pandemic
-Growing wealth
-Inhibitors
-Fake news
-Conspiracy theories
-Convenience
-Habits
-Paradigms
-Establishment of an environmental awareness month; growing google search statistics on environmental topics; increasing news on environmental topics; increasing demand on eco-friendly consumer goods
-Experts
-Green party members
-Environmental activists
-Environmental physicist
-Statistician
-Timing
-still to come
-Resources
-https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/sustainability-strategies-international/environmental-awareness-in-germany
-https://www.mastercard.com/news/research-reports/2021/consumer-attitudes-environment/
-https://www.climateaction.org/news/wwf-huge-rise-in-demand-for-sustainable-goods-during-pandemic
-https://www.charities.org/news/environmental-awareness-month
-. Availability of new manufacturing technologies (3D printing, automation, robotics) Antje
-Description
-The deployment of innovative manufacturing technology is constantly rising, and workflows are constantly further optimized and automized.
-Enablers
-Digitalization
-Technological invention
-More effective human-machine interfaces
-Inhibitors
-Labour protection organizations
-Supply chain scarcity for chips
-Paradigms
-Increasing material diversity for 3D printing; constant rise in production efficiency;
-Experts
-Technicians
-Engineers
-IT experts
-Timing
-still to come
-Resources
-https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/future-of-work/trends/WCMS_555548/lang--en/index.htm
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation
-. Availability of technology to optimize supply chains in different respects – time, cost, CO2, … Tobi
-. Growth Markets have the opportunity to learn from existing consumer markets and ‘leapfrog’. Erik
-. Quest to provide ‘proof’ and ‘transparency’ in environmental footprint and ESG goal attainment through goalsetting and reporting (also helped by blockchain solutions to help combat counterfeit etc.). Erik
-. Labor and skill availability  Tobi
-. Increased automation puts workers out of work Thalia
-. Scarcity of natural resources Thalia
-. Economic shift ( from 3rd world economy to 1st world economy) Shubashree

Difference between revisions of "Industrial System- How we make things"

Latest revision as of 13:39, 9 December 2021

Initial questions - Industrial System

System - Industrial System

Driving forces - Industrial System

Scenarios - Industrial System

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