Why Are Women Living Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live much longer than men today, and why have these advantages gotten bigger over time? We have only a small amount of evidence and the evidence isn't sufficient to reach an unambiguous conclusion. We recognize that biological, behavioral and environmental factors all play a role in the fact that women live longer than men; but we don't know exactly how much the influence of each factor is.

In spite of how much weight, we know that at least a portion of the reason women live so much longer than men today, but not in the past, is to be due to the fact that a number of key non-biological factors have changed. These are the factors that are changing. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Certain are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for افضل شامبو وبلسم survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that every country is above the line of parity diagonally. This implies that a baby girl from every country could expect to live longer than her older brother.

The chart above shows that although the female advantage is present everywhere, difference between countries is huge. In Russia women are 10 years older than men. In Bhutan the difference is less than half a year.

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The advantage for women in terms of life expectancy was lower in developed countries than it is today.
Let's look at how the gender advantage in life expectancy has changed over time. The next chart compares the male and female lifespans at birth in the US between 1790 and 2014. Two points stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. Men and women in America live longer than they did a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

And second, there is a widening gap: The female advantage in life expectancy used to be very small, but it grew substantially during the last century.

When you click on the option "Change country in the chart, you can verify that these two points are also applicable to the other countries having available information: Sweden, France and the UK.