View source for Initial questions - Industrial System

'''Round 1'''

1. What does production mean? 

Production is the process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans, know-how) in order to make something for consumption (output). It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals. 


2. What is the difference between production & manufacturing? 

Manufacturing is the process where machines produce goods from raw materials. Production is the process of converting resources into finished products. Manufacturing includes the production of goods which can be immediately sold off and are suitable for use. 


3. What is the size of the global industrial system? 

The global market for General Manufacturing is estimated to be US$649.8 Billion in the year 2020, and is projected to reach a revised size of US$732.2 Billion by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 1.7% over the period 2020-2027. 


4. What types of waste are produced by the global industrial systems? 

Chemical waste, solid waste, liquid waste, toxic/hazardous waste 


5. Which industries cause the biggest CO2 emissions? 

Electricity and Heat (between 11 Billion and 14.5+ Billion tons within 2001-2016)

Transport (between 6 Billion and 8+ Billion tons within 2001-2016)

Manufacturing and construction (between 4 Billion and 6+ Billion tons within 2001-2016)


6. Which raw materials are used most? 

Sand: Every year around 40-50 billion tonnes of sand and gravel is extracted, which is roughly half of the total weight of all materials extracted totally. In comparison, around 4 billion tonnes of oil and 2 billion tonnes of wood are being extracted yearly. 


7. How much energy is used globally? 

World primary energy consumption fell to 556.63 exajoules in 2020. The coronavirus pandemic and its impact on transportation fuel demand and overall economic performance resulted in primary energy consumption declining to 2016 levels. 


8. How much capital is used for manufacturing? 

Capital investments in manufacturing activities worldwide, 2016-2018. An analysis by Trendeo. 

Only data from 2016 – 2018 but might be a good indicator. The data in here is quite interesting – related to investment projects, foreign direct investment etc. 


9. How many Co2 emissions are used globally? 

2020 34.81 billion metric tons 

Co2 emission to produce 

TV 638 kg/unit
 
Sofa 378 kg/unit 

Bicycle 109 kg/unit
 
Mobile 50 kg/unit 

Beef fillet 50 kg/unit 


10. Which countries produce most physical products? 
 
China – 28.7% Global Manufacturing Output

United States – 16.8% Global Manufacturing Output

Japan – 7.5% Global Manufacturing Output

Germany – 5.3% Global Manufacturing Output

India – 3.1% Global Manufacturing Output

South Korea – 3% Global Manufacturing Output

Italy – 2.1% Global Manufacturing Output

France – 1.9% Global Manufacturing Output

United Kingdom – 1.8% Global Manufacturing Output

Indonesia – 1.6% Global Manufacturing Output

https://globalupside.com/top-10-manufacturing-countries-in-the-world/


11. Which 3 companies produce most physical products? 

Consumer goods: Nestle (92billion), PepsiCo, Protect & Gamble 

https://consumergoods.com/top-100-consumer-goods-companies-2021?utm_source=2019list&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=Top+100+2021 

Building materials: Saint Gobain (50billion), LafargeHolcim, CEMEX 

https://blog.bizvibe.com/blog/top-10-largest-building-materials-companies 

Cars (Toyota 275milion), trains (CRRC Corporation 32billion), ships (China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation 42billion) 

Electronics: Apple (365billion) 

Based on annual revenue 

Biggest Companies based on market capitalization (billion dollars)?

Inserting image...

 
12. How much is exported/ imported in physical products? 
 
https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditctab2020d4_en.pdf 


13. What is the most produced/ manufactured product in the world? 

Industries with the biggest market share all over the world: 

Global Fastest Growing Industries by Revenue Growth (%) in 2021 

Global Iron Ore Mining. 43.3% 
Global Airport Operation. 40.1% 
Global Travel Agency Services. 37.4% 
Global Airlines. 33.6% 
Global Heavy-Duty Truck Manufacturing. 29.0% 
Global Deep-Sea, Coastal & Inland Water Transportation. 23.6% 
Global Tourism. .21.9% 
Global Coal Mining. 21.6% 
Global Plastic Product & Packaging Manufacturing 17.4% 
Global Commercial Aircraft Manufacturing 17% 


14. What are different types of production? 

Job production, where items are made individually and each item is finished before the next one is started. Designer dresses are made using the job production method. 
Batch production, where groups of items are made together. Each batch is finished before starting the next block of goods. For example, a baker first produces a batch of 50 white loaves. Only after they are completed will they start baking 50 loaves of brown bread. 
Flow production, where identical, standardised items are produced on an assembly line. Most cars are mass-produced in large factories using conveyor belts and expensive machinery such as robot arms. Workers have specialised jobs, for instance, fitting wheels. 
Mass production 
Continuous production 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z3fvcdm/revision/1


'''Round 2''' 


15. What industries consume the most energy globally? 

Chemical 

Metal 

Cement 

Paper & Pulp 

https://goenergylink.com/blog/top-industries-that-consume-the-most-energy/ 

 

16. What are the largest landfills in the world today, and where are they? 

In acres: 

Las Vegas, US			2200 

Mexico City, Mexico		927 

Shanghai, China			830 

Los Angeles, US			680 

Rome, Italy			630 

Incheon, South Korea		570 

New Delhi, India		500 

Mumbai, India			326 

Hong Kong			272 

Guangzhou, China		227 

https://www.statista.com/statistics/530481/largest-dump-sites-worldwide/ 


17. What harm do landfills cause to the environment/ neighboring natural resources? 

The migration of gas and leachate from the landfill body into the surrounding environment present a serious environmental concern, which include groundwater pollution, air pollution with impact on climate through, methane emissions and potential health hazards. 

Landfill present long-term threats to ground water and surface water that are hydrologically connected by creating a toxic soup of industrial and home cleaning chemicals. 

Almost two third of landfill waste is biodegradable this waste rots and decomposes and produces harmful gases (co2 and methane) which are both green house gases and contribute to global warming. Landfill also pollute the local environment including the water and the soil. 

Landfills are some way that humans modify how soil form, by changing the soil forming factors of the climate, exposure and the soil organisms, 

Landfill can produce objectionable odours and landfill gas can move through soil and collect in nearby buildings. The gases produced in landfill is ammonia, sulphide, methane and carbon dioxide are of most concern. 

Ammonia and hydrogen sulphide are responsible for most of the orders at landfill. 

Unhealthy and illegal whats so bad about burning garbage, because smoke and ash pollute the air, water and food supply. 

Health is at risk for those who live within five kilometre (5km) of landfill site. Hydrogen sulphide (used as surrogate for all pollutants co-emitted from the landfills) and death caused by lung cancer, as well as death and hospitalisation for 

respiratory disease. When the landfill has reached its capacity, the waste is covered with clay and another plastic shield. Above that, several feet of dirt fill is topped with soil and plant 

https://www.ijert.org/landfill-emissions-and-their-impact-on-the-environment 

 

18. When were landfills first put into use, and what methods of industrial waste removal were utilized prior? 

Landfills were first introduced early in the 20th century, but gained wide use in the 1960s and 1970s, to eliminate open dumps and other "unsanitary" waste disposal practices. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill 

The first known wastewater management system is located in present day Syria (El Kowm). Located in the Fertile Crescent, the Mesopotamian "oasis" shows evidence of wastewater management beginning around 6500 BCE. 

The first occurrence of organized solid waste management system appeared in London in the late 18th century.[13] A waste collection and resource recovery system were established around the 'dust-yards'. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_waste_management 

 

19. What is the manufacturing Industry growth rate (how much bigger does the manufacturing industry grow annually)? 

By the second quarter of 2021, global manufacturing production registered an annual output growth of 18.2 per cent. Furthermore, nearly all economies with available information have achieved two-digit annual growth rates owing to the low base of comparison a year ago as well as the gradual economic re-opening. 

https://stat.unido.org/content/publications/world-manufacturing-production 

 
20. Examples of non-biodegradable materials? 

Glass 

Plastic 

Metals 

Hazardous substances 

Pesticides 

Fibers 

Glass 

E-waste 

Artificial rubber 

Artificial polymers 


21. Which fabrics are the least bio-degradable? 

Polyester 

Acrylic 

Cotton 

Rayon 

Nylon 

https://www.eco-stylist.com/a-guide-to-the-most-and-least-sustainable-fabrics/ 


22. What fabrics are most biodegradable? 

Organic or Recycled Cotton 

Organic Hemp 

Organic Linen 

Tencel 

Recycled Polyester  

Econyl 

https://www.eco-stylist.com/a-guide-to-the-most-and-least-sustainable-fabrics/ 

 

23. What materials are biodegradable? 

Paper  

Human waste. 

Manure. 

Sewage sludge. 

Hospital waste. 

Slaughterhouse waste 

Dead animals and plants. 

Food waste 

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/biodegradable-and-non-biodegradable-materials/ 

 

24. What are the main resources utilized in all manufacturing industries? 

There are four categories of resources, or factors of production: 

Natural resources (land) 

Labor  (human capital) 

Capital (machinery, factories, equipment) 

Entrepreneurship 

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-introbusiness/chapter/factors-of-production-2/ 


25. Which industries employ the most people? 

Global Consumer Electronics Manufacturing	17,430,942            

Global Commercial Real Estate			17,164,710	 

Global Fast-Food Restaurants			13,458,146 

Global HR & Recruitment Services                            11,988,376 

Global Hotels & Resorts				9,690,013 

Global Apparel Manufacturing			9,675,672 

Global Coal Mining				8,918,489 

Global Tourism					8,684,644 

Global Commercial Banks			8,076,796 

Global Auto Parts & Accessories Manufacturing 8,060,047 

https://www.ibisworld.com/global/industry-trends/biggest-industries-by-employment/


'''Round 3'''


26. Top consumption societies? 

In millions of US dollars, Household Final Consumption Expenditure, and year measured: 

US			16,902,980	2018 

European Union	8,300,055	2019 

China			5,352,545	2018 

Japan			2,756,919	2018 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_consumer_markets 


27. Predictions for consumption trends in 2030? 

Under current projections, Asia will represent half of the world’s consumer spending by 2032. 

https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2021/08/31/which-will-be-the-top-30-consumer-markets-of-this-decade-5-asian-markets-below-the-radar/ 


29. Countries with the highest manufacturing output? 

By share of global manufacturing: 

China	28.7% 

US	16.8% 

Japan	7.5% 

https://globalupside.com/top-10-manufacturing-countries-in-the-world/ 

Country 

Manufacturing Output (USD in billions) 

Percent of National Output 

Percent of Global Manufacturing 

China 

$2,010 

27% 

20% 

United States 

1,867 

12 

18 

Japan 

1,063 

19 

10 

https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-manufacturing-scorecard-how-the-us-compares-to-18-other-nations/#:~:text=China%20leads%20the%20world%20in,South%20Korea%20(%24372%20billion). 
 

29. Highest manufacturing output industries globally? 

In terms of revenue, the biggest manufacturing companies are Apple, Toyota and Volkswagen. 

In terms of countries: 

https://blog.bizvibe.com/blog/largest-manufacturing-companies 


30. What is manufactured in US, China, and Japan? 

US 

Circ 2017: 

Food, beverage and feed: $133 billion.  

Soybeans were the number one product in this category, with sales of $22 billion, followed by meat and poultry at $18 billion. 

Crude oil, fuel and other petroleum products: $109 billion.  

This is one of the fastest growing areas of US exports, up 37% in just the last year. 

Civilian aircraft and aircraft engines: $99 billion.  

This is what makes Boeing (BA) the nation's largest single exporter. 

Auto parts, engines and car tires: $86 billion.  

Many of these are shipped to assembly plants owned by both US and foreign automakers in Mexico and Canada. It's one of the reasons losing NAFTA would be so hard for the auto industry. 

Industrial machines: $57 billion. 

Passenger cars: $53 billion. 

American auto plants supply much of North and South America with cars, and also ship to other markets as well. BMW's largest plant is in South Carolina, where it builds all of its X series SUVs. Last year it exported nearly three-quarters of the 371,000 cars it built there, making it the biggest car exporter in the United States. 

Pharmaceuticals: $51 billion. 

https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/07/news/economy/top-us-exports/index.html 

China 

Mobile Phone Manufacturing in China 		$134.2B 

Integrated Circuit Manufacturing in China	$123.3B 

Smart Phone Manufacturing in China		$118.7B 

Computer Manufacturing in China		$107.5B 

Computer Peripheral Manufacturing in China	$78.3B 

Building Construction in China			$54.2B 

Software Development in China			$51.3B 

Apparel Manufacturing in China			$50.9B 

Steel Rolling in China				$50.2B 

Computer Tablet Manufacturing in China	$42.6B 

https://www.ibisworld.com/china/industry-trends/biggest-exporting-industries/ 

Japan 

Vehicles: US$122.6 billion (19.1% of total exports) 

Machinery including computers: $121.8 billion (19%) 

Electrical machinery, equipment: $102.6 billion (16%) 

Optical, technical, medical apparatus: $37.5 billion (5.8%) 

Plastics, plastic articles: $25.6 billion (4%) 

Iron, steel: $22.8 billion (3.6%) 

Organic chemicals: $14.9 billion (2.3%) 

Gems, precious metals: $13.3 billion (2.1%) 

Other chemical goods: $12.2 billion (1.9%) 

Ships, boats: $10.8 billion (1.7%) 


31. Average wage paid to labor per industry? 

I think we would need wages for US, China and Japan 


32. Trade restrictions worldwide;  

Source: https://www.oecd.org/trade/topics/trade-in-raw-materials/  


33. How many CO2 emissions are produced by each industry? 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions


'''Round 4'''

What does circularity mean?

The circular economy is a systems solution framework that tackles global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution through matters of design. Specifically, it aims to curb waste and pollution, circulate products and materials (at a minimum loss of material quality) and regenerate natural resources.

https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/circular-economy-introduction/overview
https://www.c2ccertified.org/education/safe-circular-material-choices

What is Cradle2Cradle?

Cradle2Cradle is a design methodology introduced by Michael Braungart and William McDonough, that focuses on the re-usability of all raw materials that are used to manufacture goods. For example, the products must be refurbishable by design and fully recyclable. No harmful materials may be used for the production of the goods. Products that are produced in accordance to this philosophy can be registered and labelled 'C2C certified'. 

https://www.c2ccertified.org/

What key players influence the industrial system and therefore determine how we make things?

Assessing the industrial system from a macro-system point of view, we can identify 2 major stakeholders (Households & Firms) and one that was  slightly undervalued under the liberal capitalist paradigm, the government. Over the past years, we find that the government is increasingly picking up the role to push for change. Therefore, the 3 large groups need to work together and keep the industrial system in balance. 

Per Espen Stoknes - Tomorrow's economy - page 211.

Does funding for radical change come from the public or private sector?

In general - during periods of financial or political unrest, radical change is financed primarily by the public sector. On the contrary, private investments soar when financial and political stability are obtained. Globalization and digitization increasingly fuel contrasts in developed societies, including a potential scenario where neo-nationalism grows.

William H. Janeway - Doing Capital in the Innovation Economy, chapter 11 and conclusion. 
Mark Blyth - Capitalism in Crisis: What Went Wrong and What Comes Next.