Why Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live much longer than men today and why have these advantages gotten bigger in the past? There isn't much evidence and we have only incomplete answers. While we are aware that there are biological, psychological and environmental variables which play a significant role in women living longer than males, it isn't clear how much each factor العاب زوجية contributes.

In spite of how much amount of weight, we are aware that at least a portion of the reason why women live so much longer than men today but not in the past, has to relate to the fact that some fundamental non-biological factors have changed. The factors changing are numerous. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and العاب زوجية women. We can see that all countries are over the line of parity diagonally. This means that a newborn girl in all countries can anticipate to live longer than her brothers.

This chart shows that, even though women enjoy an advantage in all countries, the differences across countries are often significant. In Russia women have an average of 10 years more than males; while in Bhutan the difference is less than half one year.

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The advantage women had in terms of life expectancy was lower in countries with higher incomes as compared to the present.
Let's see how the female longevity advantage has changed in the course of time. The following chart shows the gender-based and female-specific life expectancy when they were born in the US from 1790 to 2014. Two distinct features stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. Both genders in America live longer than they did a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

And second, there is a widening gap: The female advantage in life expectancy used to be quite small however, it has increased significantly over the course of the last century.

If you select the option "Change country in the chart, verify that these two points are also applicable to the other countries with available data: Sweden, France and the UK.